Genetic diversity - genealogical trees

DIVERSITY IS UNEVENLY DISTRIBUTED WITHIN SPECIES
Erik M. Rauch and Yaneer Bar-Yam. Theory predicts the uneven distribution of genetic diversity within species. Nature 431, 449-452 (2004).

A one-page summary is available.

This is an informal presentation of the results in the above paper:

introduction
model
analytic results
comparison with data
implications for conservation

Much recent work, for example on diversity hotspots, has shown that species diversity not distributed uniformly. Within-species (genetic) diversity is also important - it confers resistance to disease, for example, and is needed for a population to be robust to future environmental changes.

The question we are interested in is: how is the diversity that exists in a population distributed within it?

Diversity is the sum of all the ways that members of a population differ from each other. Those differences arose through mutations in the evolutionary history of the population. The evolutionary history of a population can be represented by a genealogical tree, with all the mutations occurring somewhere on the tree:

But what do trees typically look like? Supposing they typically look balanced like the above. Any one of the four groups circled doesn't carry more of the diversity than the others.

Supposing it looks like this, however:

Here, group A carries more diversity than its share of the population. We quantify this as the uniqueness of an individual or group: the number of generations since it diverged from its closest living relative. In fact, we show below that the uniqueness is unevenly distributed, with some groups having a disproportionate share of the population's diversity.

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